Ancillary services and electric vehicles: An overview from charging clusters and chargers technology perspectives

The transformation towards a sustainable power system calls for new ways of operating the network. In that regard, electric vehicles (EVs) with their charging infrastructure qualify as flexible resource. This paper interconnects ancillary services and EV flexibility to help operators (SOs) providers understand role localize EV-chargers in system. First, focus is on SOs. manuscript reviews based operational challenges. are differentiated between 8 frequency 32 services. These then subdivided depending management control: first group includes inertia, primary, secondary/tertiary control, while second congestion management, voltage regulation, quality, grid stability, emission management. Of all different services, ones can be provided by EV-charger highlighted classified into 12 geo-electrical clusters. Second, moved providers. Independently from location, provide EVs, multiple actors recognized: end-user, site operator (CSO), point (CPO), aggregator, energy community, distribution (DSO), transmission (TSO). collaboration today carried out making alliances, exchange knowledge gain confidence provision. conclusion, literature review presents characteristics 27 slow (up 50 kW) smart chargers, common features being scheduling (100%), modulation (89%), phase switching (10%).